Ontological gender plurality (as argued by Judith Butler, Paul Preciado, etc.) views gender as fluid, performative, and not fixed. It challenges the idea that gender should be categorized or institutionalized at all. Identity-based legal recognition frameworks aim to include more gender identities (e.g., non-binary, X markers) within existing legal systems by expanding official categories.

Moral Flexibility is the belief that moral principles can adapt to changing circumstances, contexts, and societal norms. It allows reinterpretation or adjustment of religious teachings

Moral Absolutism is the belief that certain moral principles are universally and permanently true, regardless of context, cultural change, or consequences. Under moral absolutism, religious teachings and doctrines are interpreted as fixed and unchangeable, and actions are judged as inherently right or wrong according to these timeless rules.

Stare decisis is the principle that courts follow previous rulings to ensure consistency. Common in domestic systems like the US, UK, Philippines, etc., it means past decisions guide future ones. However, in international law, stare decisis is absent—international courts are not strictly bound by precedent and may depart from past rulings.